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- Apple II
- Technical Notes
- _____________________________________________________________________________
- Developer Technical Support
-
-
- Apple II Miscellaneous
- #12: The Apple II Firmware WAIT Routine
-
- Revised by: Matt Deatherage November 1988
- Written by: Matt Deatherage May 1988
-
- This Technical Note expands on the already documented descriptions of the
- Apple II firmware WAIT routine, which guaranteed a minimum, not an exact,
- specified delay.
- _____________________________________________________________________________
-
- As described in the Apple IIe Technical Reference Manual and the Apple IIc
- Technical Reference Manual, Second Edition, the WAIT routine located in ROM
- at $FCA8 waits for a certain amount of time before returning to the calling
- program. The delay is listed in the IIe manual as being 1/2(26+27A+5A^2),
- where A is the value in the accumulator when WAIT is called. The value
- returned by this expression is the number of clock cycles taken by the
- routine, not the amount of time that passes while it waits. To obtain the
- elapsed time in microseconds, you must multiply the result by the scaling
- factor 14 / 14.318181.
-
- Different formulas have appeared in different firmware listings published by
- Apple in the past, but the above formula is in all current publications, and
- has been verified as correct by Developer Technical Support. If there were
- nothing in the system except a 65C02 (or 65816) microprocessor, this formula
- would be completely accurate. However, this is not the case in an Apple II,
- as there are interrupts, changing system speeds, fast and slow RAM, and
- numerous other additions to the system that can cause extra overhead when a
- routine is executed.
-
- For these reasons, the WAIT routine should be used only as a minimum delay.
- It should not be expected to wait for exactly the time specified by the WAIT
- formula.
-
- The Apple IIGS Firmware Reference correctly notes this fact, as well as
- including the scaling factor (14 / 14.318181) to return the minimum delay in
- microseconds without further calculation.
-
-
- Further Reference
- o Apple IIGS Firmware Reference
- o Apple IIe Technical Reference Manual
- o Apple IIc Technical Reference Manual, Second Edition
-